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Assessing aphantasia prevalence and the relation of self-reported imagery abilities and memory task performance

DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103548
Beran, M. J., James, B. T., French, K., Haseltine, E. L., & Kleider-Offutt, H. M. (2023). Assessing aphantasia prevalence and the relation of self-reported imagery abilities and memory task performance. Consciousness and Cognition, 113, 103548. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103548

Abstract

Aphantasia was studied in a sample of 5,010 adults from the general population in the United States. The self-reported prevalence of aphantasia was found to be 8.9%. However, when assessed through visual imagery scales, the prevalence dropped to 1.5%, indicating that not all self-reported aphantasic individuals exhibited low visual imagery. Those who identified as aphantasic reported lower dream frequencies and self-talk, as well as poorer memory performance compared to those with average or high mental imagery. Interestingly, individuals with aphantasia showed a preference for written instruction over video instruction for learning a new task. The study suggests that using both scale measures and self-identification may offer a more consistent understanding of individuals lacking visual imagery.

Authors

  • Michael J. Beran1
  • Brielle T. James1
  • Kristin French1
  • Elizabeth L. Haseltine1
  • Heather M. Kleider-Offutt1

Understanding Aphantasia: A Study on Visual Imagery

Overview/Introduction

Aphantasia is a condition where individuals are unable to visualize images in their mind. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and characteristics of aphantasia in a large sample of adults in the United States. By examining both self-reported data and objective measures, researchers sought to better understand how aphantasia affects daily life and cognitive functions.

Methodology

  • Participants: The study involved 5,010 adults from the general U.S. population.
  • Assessment Tools: Participants were assessed using self-reported surveys and visual imagery scales. The surveys asked individuals to identify themselves as having aphantasia, while the scales objectively measured their ability to visualize images.
  • Data Collection: Information was gathered on participants' dream frequency, self-talk habits, memory performance, and learning preferences.

Key Findings

  • Prevalence: While 8.9% of participants self-identified as having aphantasia, only 1.5% were confirmed through visual imagery scales.
  • Cognitive and Behavioral Traits:
  • Individuals with aphantasia reported dreaming less frequently and engaging in less self-talk.
  • They also exhibited poorer memory performance compared to those with average or high mental imagery.
  • Learning Preferences: Aphantasic individuals showed a preference for written instructions over video instructions when learning new tasks.

Implications

The study suggests that aphantasia might be more nuanced than previously thought. The discrepancy between self-reported and scale-assessed prevalence highlights the importance of using multiple methods to identify aphantasia. Understanding these differences can help educators and psychologists tailor learning and therapeutic approaches to better suit individuals with aphantasia. For instance, providing written materials might be more effective for those who struggle with visual imagery.

Limitations

While the study provides valuable insights, it also has some limitations:
  • Self-Reporting Bias: The reliance on self-reported data may introduce bias, as individuals might not accurately assess their own visual imagery capabilities.
  • Sample Diversity: The study focused on a U.S. population, which may not represent global prevalence or characteristics of aphantasia.
In conclusion, this research sheds light on the complexities of aphantasia, emphasizing the need for comprehensive assessment methods to better understand and support individuals with this condition.