AphantasiaResearch
Explore a comprehensive collection of academic papers, research studies, and scientific publications about aphantasia, imagery, and cognitive neuroscience.
Pupil changes to voluntary and involuntary visual imagery: A unified paradigm with implications for aphantasia research
Researchers found that pupil constriction occurs during both voluntary and involuntary imagery but does not correlate with self-reported vividness. This underscores the need for objective physiological tools to reliably assess aphantasia.
Vanbuckhave, C., Huson, N., Lœvenbruck, H., Guyader, N., & Chauvin, A. (2026). Pupil changes to voluntary and involuntary visual imagery: a unified paradigm with implications for aphantasia research. Neuropsychologia, 223, 109378. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2026.109378
Multimodal mental comparisons in those with and without aphantasia
People with aphantasia were more accurate but slower than controls on multimodal mental comparison tasks. This suggests that sensory cognition can be successfully achieved through propositional rather than imagistic strategies.
Suggate, S. P., Milton, F., & Tree, J. (2026). Multimodal mental comparisons in those with and without aphantasia. Neuropsychologia, 222, 109373. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2026.109373
Disturbing the sound of silence: Bilateral temporal cortex stimulation and auditory mental imagery
Stimulating the temporal cortex with hf-tRNS significantly reduced the volitional control of auditory imagery. This indicates that auditory imagery relies on active, generative neural dynamics within the temporal cortex.
Rollo, B., Malatesta, G., D’Anselmo, A., Lucafò, C., & Tommasi, L. (2026). Disturbing the sound of silence: bilateral temporal cortex stimulation and auditory mental imagery. Brain and Cognition, 192, 106378. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106378
Rendering aphantasia into the social realm
Aphantasia is linked to factual autobiographical memory and reduced empathy for verbal narratives. This suggests that mental imagery is a key component of social cognition and our ability to share experiences.
Zeman, A., Digard, B., Happé, F., Levine, B., & Monzel, M. (2026). Rendering aphantasia into the social realm. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.11.014
Emotion may indirectly link rendering and social reasoning
Researchers propose that visual imagery links to social cognition and memory indirectly through emotional activation. This suggests imagery functions to trigger evolutionarily conserved emotional responses to internal simulations.
Balaban, H., & Ullman, T. D. (2026). Emotion may indirectly link rendering and social reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.12.009
An inwardly focused cognitive style links mental imagery and mental health
Mental imagery vividness is part of an inwardly focused cognitive style linked to interoception and mindfulness. This trait mediates the relationship between imagery and mental health by shaping emotional awareness and regulation.
Kvamme, T. L., Rutiku, R., Wierzchoń, M., Griskova-Bulanova, I., Fardo, F., Barzykowski, K., Sandberg, K., & Silvanto, J. (2026). An inwardly focused cognitive style links mental imagery and mental health. Heliyon, 12(2), e44433. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e44433
Do low imagers know more words? examining the association between mental imagery and vocabulary size
Low-imagery individuals outperformed high imagers when matching highly concrete words to precise definitions. This suggests that vivid mental imagery can sometimes interfere with the analytical processing required for specific linguistic tasks.
Yavuz, M., & Nazir, T. A. (2026). Do low imagers know more words? examining the association between mental imagery and vocabulary size. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 1–14. doi:10.1080/23273798.2026.2614588
Multisensory Imagery Enhances the Aesthetic Evaluation of Paintings: A Virtual Reality Study
Multisensory mental imagery enhances the aesthetic appeal of paintings by increasing imagery vividness and emotional arousal. This suggests that intentional imagery can be used as a cognitive strategy to deepen aesthetic experiences.
Chen, Z., Han, Z., Wu, L., & Huang, J. (2026). Multisensory imagery enhances the aesthetic evaluation of paintings: a virtual reality study. Empirical Studies of the Arts. doi:10.1177/02762374251412761
Comparing the characteristics of hallucinations and mental imagery: a large cross-sectional study in the general population
Researchers found that hallucinations and involuntary imagery share features but differ in vividness, agency, and distress. This supports a shared experiential continuum, helping to distinguish normal from pathological inner experiences.
Pepin, G., Lœvenbruck, H., Chauvin, A., Jacquet, C., Eichenlaub, J.-B., & Bortolon, C. (2026). Comparing the characteristics of hallucinations and mental imagery: a large cross-sectional study in the general population. Consciousness and Cognition, 137, 103974. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2025.103974
Aphantasia and Motor Imagery: A Step Further in Understanding Imagery and its Role in Motor Cognition
Aphantasics showed reduced right-brain activation and increased left middle frontal gyrus activity during motor imagery. This suggests they use compensatory semantic strategies, indicating mental imagery is not essential for motor cognition.
Peruski, A. (2026). Aphantasia and motor imagery: a step further in understanding imagery and its role in motor cognition. Journal of Neurophysiology. doi:10.1152/jn.00608.2025
Alexander of Aphrodisias on Mental Representation
Alexander of Aphrodisias defined phantasia as a capacity using internal residues and picturing to represent objects. This causal account explains how the mind represents absent things, offering a systematic theory of intentionality.
Hangai, A. (2025). Alexander of aphrodisias on mental representation. Rhizomata, 13(2), 183–223. doi:10.1515/rhiz-2025-0007
Autonomic, neurodevelopmental, and early adversity correlates of acquired aphantasia
Acquired aphantasia is linked to childhood trauma, autonomic reactivity, and neurodevelopmental traits like ADHD. This suggests an affective-autonomic pathway where emotional and physiological distress can disrupt mental imagery generation.
Gao, W., Nagai, Y., & Silvanto, J. (2025). Autonomic, neurodevelopmental, and early adversity correlates of acquired aphantasia. Neuropsychologia, 219, 109272. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109272
Disordered, deficient, and dehumanised: How biomedical and cognitive approaches are limiting our understandings of aphantasia
Researchers found that biomedical and cognitive studies often frame aphantasia as a disorder or deficiency while ignoring lived experience. This suggests that centering experiential expertise is vital to challenge dehumanizing scientific biases.
Scholz, B., & Scholz, H. (2025). Disordered, deficient, and dehumanised: how biomedical and cognitive approaches are limiting our understandings of aphantasia. International Mad Studies Journal, 3(1), e1–17. doi:10.58544/imsj.v3i1.7389
Unsupervised clustering reveals spatial and verbal cognitive profiles in aphantasia and typical imagery
Researchers identified two aphantasia subgroups: "spatialisers" with high spatial imagery and "verbalisers" with high verbal reliance. This shows aphantasia is a heterogeneous condition that requires a multidimensional cognitive framework.
Delem, M., Turkben, S., Cavalli, E., Cousineau, D., & Plancher, G. (2025). Unsupervised clustering reveals spatial and verbal cognitive profiles in aphantasia and typical imagery. Neuropsychologia, 219, 109279. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109279
Varieties of aphantasia
Aphantasia is a heterogeneous condition with distinct subtypes involving voluntary imagery, sensory modalities, and spatial versus object details. This diversity suggests that monolithic definitions hinder accurate diagnosis and research.
Nanay, B. (2025). Varieties of aphantasia. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 29(11), 965–966. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.06.008
Physics versus graphics as an organizing dichotomy in cognition
Researchers propose that aphantasia reflects a broken rendering process within a cognitive split between physical simulation and graphics. This explains why spatial reasoning remains functional despite the lack of visual mental imagery.
Balaban, H., & Ullman, T. D. (2025). Physics versus graphics as an organizing dichotomy in cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 29(11), 985–996. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2025.05.003
Mapping the imageless mind: Towards a taxonomy of aphantasia
Researchers proposed a taxonomy distinguishing between neurological, psychogenic, and congenital aphantasia. This framework helps organize research by recognizing that the condition arises from diverse neural and psychological origins.
Bartolomeo, P. (2025). Mapping the imageless mind: towards a taxonomy of aphantasia. Neuropsychologia, 219, 109276. doi:/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109276
Aphantasia avant le nom: historical perspectives on the absence or loss of visual imagery
Researchers identified historical cases of congenital and acquired visual imagery loss dating back to the 1880s. This provides an epistemic basis for retrospective diagnosis and confirms the condition predates its modern naming.
Larner, A. J. (2025). Aphantasia avant le nom: historical perspectives on the absence or loss of visual imagery. Neuropsychologia, 218, 109254. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109254
Neural network topologies supporting individual variations in vividness of visual imagery
Vivid imagery is linked to local efficiency in the left fusiform gyrus and structural segregation in the occipital network. This suggests vividness emerges from the interplay of sensory processing and higher-order regulatory hubs.
Kvamme, T. L., Lumaca, M., Bajada, C. J., Gregersen, S. D., Hobot, J., Paunovic, D., Wierzchon, M., Zana, B., Silvanto, J., & Sandberg, K. (2025). Neural network topologies supporting individual variations in vividness of visual imagery. NeuroImage, 321, 121520. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121520
“Unseen strategies” what can the experience of Aphantasia teach us about cognitive strategies in memory?
Researchers identified semantic reliance, condensed inner speech, and external recoding as key compensatory strategies in aphantasia. This shows how individuals adapt to imagery deficits by utilizing specific alternative cognitive mechanisms.
Hayes, S. J., Miles, G. E., & Evans, S.-A. (2026). “unseen strategies” what can the experience of aphantasia teach us about cognitive strategies in memory?. New Ideas in Psychology, 80, 101215. doi:/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2025.101215