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Mental imagery as part of an ‘inwardly focused’ cognitive style

DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108988
Kvamme, T. L., Sandberg, K., & Silvanto, J. (2024). Mental imagery as part of an ‘inwardly focused’ cognitive style. Neuropsychologia, 204, 108988. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108988

Abstract

What is the source of individual differences in the experience of mental imagery? While parallels are often drawn between imagery abilities and the perception of external stimuli, we propose that these differences need to be considered in a wider context that encompasses personality traits and tendencies geared towards focusing on one's inner world. Moreover, we suggest that imagery experience is part of a cluster of traits and tendencies that could be described as an ‘inwardly focused’ cognitive style, characterised by a propensity to engage deeply with internally generated sensations. This trait cluster is negatively associated with alexithymia, indicating that vivid imagery goes hand-in-hand with a greater ability to identify and describe one's emotions, in addition to heightened interoceptive attention. Rather than merely reflecting efficient bottom-up processing of internal signals, we propose that this cognitive style represents a bias or tendency to prioritise and attend to these signals, shaping the overall experience of mental imagery.

Authors

  • Timo L. Kvamme1
  • Kristian Sandberg1
  • Juha Silvanto5

Understanding Mental Imagery: A Window into Our Inner World

Overview/Introduction

Have you ever wondered why some people can vividly picture a scene in their minds while others struggle to see anything at all? This research explores the fascinating world of mental imagery, suggesting that the ability to create vivid mental images is part of a broader cognitive style focused on introspection and self-awareness. This "inwardly focused" cognitive style is linked to personality traits and a heightened awareness of one's internal sensations and emotions.

Methodology

To explore these ideas, the researchers reviewed existing studies on mental imagery, interoception (the awareness of internal body states), and personality traits. They proposed a theoretical model that connects these elements, suggesting that vivid mental imagery is not just about processing visual information but is part of a broader tendency to focus on internal experiences.

Key Findings

  • Inwardly Focused Cognitive Style: Individuals with vivid mental imagery often have a cognitive style that emphasizes introspection and self-reflection. This style is characterized by a deep engagement with internally generated sensations.
  • Personality Traits: Traits like Openness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion are linked to this inward focus. People high in these traits are more likely to engage in creative thinking and emotional awareness.
  • Interoception and Emotion: The study found that mental imagery, interoception, and emotional awareness are interconnected. For instance, imagining fearful situations can trigger emotional and physiological responses similar to experiencing real fear.
  • Alexithymia: There is a negative association between vivid imagery and alexithymia, a condition where individuals have difficulty identifying and describing emotions. This suggests that those with vivid imagery are better at understanding their emotions.

Implications

  • Emotional Awareness: Enhancing mental imagery could improve emotional awareness and regulation, potentially benefiting mental health.
  • Personal Development: Understanding one's cognitive style can aid in personal growth, helping individuals harness their introspective abilities for creative and emotional tasks.
  • Therapeutic Applications: Therapists might use these insights to tailor interventions that enhance emotional processing and introspection.

Limitations

  • Subjectivity of Vividness: The study highlights the challenge of measuring imagery vividness, as it is inherently subjective. This calls for more objective methods to assess mental imagery.
  • Complex Origins: The origins of the inward-focused cognitive style are complex, involving genetic, environmental, and developmental factors. Further research is needed to unravel these influences.
In conclusion, this research sheds light on the intricate relationship between mental imagery, personality, and emo...