Back to all research

Hidden Differences in Phenomenal Experience

DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13239
Lupyan, G., Uchiyama, R., Thompson, B., & Casasanto, D. (2023). Hidden differences in phenomenal experience. Cognitive Science, 47(1). doi:10.1111/cogs.13239

Abstract

In addition to the many easily observable differences between people, there are also differences in people's subjective experiences that are harder to observe, and which, as a consequence, remain hidden. For example, people vary widely in how much visual imagery they experience. But those who cannot see in their mind's eye, tend to assume everyone is like them. Those who can, assume everyone else can as well. We argue that a study of such hidden phenomenal differences has much to teach cognitive science. Uncovering and describing this variation (a search for unknown unknowns) may help predict otherwise puzzling differences in human behavior. The very existence of certain differences can also act as a stress test for some cognitive theories. Finally, studying hidden phenomenal differences is the first step toward understanding what kinds of environments may mask or unmask links between phenomenal experience and observable behavior.

Authors

  • Gary Lupyan2
  • Ryutaro Uchiyama1
  • Bill Thompson1
  • Daniel Casasanto1

Understanding Hidden Differences in Human Experience

Overview/Introduction

Have you ever wondered if others see the world the same way you do? This research paper explores the fascinating concept of hidden phenomenal differences—variations in people's inner experiences that are not easily observable. While we can see obvious differences like height or personality, this study delves into the less visible aspects of human perception, such as the ability to visualize images in the mind. Understanding these hidden differences can provide valuable insights into human behavior and cognitive science.

Methodology

To uncover these hidden differences, researchers used a combination of social media insights, discussions, and casual conversations to develop questionnaires. These were administered to college students and crowdworkers. The study focused on three main areas: visual imagery, inner speech, and synesthesia. Participants were asked about their own experiences and their assumptions about others' experiences, revealing a tendency for people to project their own experiences onto others.

Key Findings

  • High Self-Other Correlation: The study found a strong correlation (around r = .6) between how participants perceived their own experiences and how they assumed others experienced the same phenomena. This suggests that people often believe others share their inner experiences.
  • Subtle Behavioral Effects: Despite these differences, the study found that their impact on everyday behavior is often subtle. For example, color-blind individuals might not realize their condition because their ability to identify and name colors remains robust in everyday contexts.
  • Potential for New Discoveries: The research highlights the potential for discovering more hidden differences, which could challenge existing cognitive theories and reveal new ways of understanding human cognition.

Implications

The study of hidden phenomenal differences has several important implications:
  • Cognitive Science: By understanding these differences, cognitive scientists can better predict and explain variations in human behavior.
  • Robustness in Behavior: The subtlety of these differences suggests that human behavior is more adaptable and robust than previously thought.
  • Researcher Bias: The findings also highlight how researchers' own experiences can influence their theoretical perspectives, emphasizing the need for objectivity in cognitive science.

Limitations

While the study provides valuable insights, it also acknowledges limitations:
  • Self-Report Bias: The reliance on self-reported data may lead to inaccuracies, as individuals might not accurately describe their experiences.
  • Limited Scope: The study focuses on a few specific areas, leaving room for further exploration of other hidden differences.
In conclusion, this research sheds light on the hidden complexities of human perception and cognition. By exploring these dif...