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An Introduction to the Five‐Factor Model and Its Applications

DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x
McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five‐factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175–215. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x

Abstract

The five‐factor model of personality is a hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of five basic dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Research using both natural language adjectives and theoretically based personality questionnaires supports the comprehensiveness of the model and its applicability across observers and cultures. This article summarizes the history of the model and its supporting evidence; discusses conceptions of the nature of the factors; and outlines an agenda for theorizing about the origins and operation of the factors. We argue that the model should prove useful both for individual assessment and for the elucidation of a number of topics of interest to personality psychologists.

Authors

  • Robert R. McCrae1
  • Oliver P. John1

Overview/Introduction

The Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality is a widely recognized framework that categorizes human personality traits into five broad dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. This model has gained support due to its comprehensive nature and applicability across different cultures and observers. The FFM offers a common language for psychologists, aiding in the assessment of individuals and the exploration of various topics in personality psychology.

Methodology

The development of the FFM involved two primary approaches:
  • Lexical Approach: This method analyzed natural language adjectives to identify personality traits. The idea is that important personality differences are encoded in language, allowing researchers to uncover basic personality dimensions by studying trait terms.
  • Personality Questionnaires: These are designed to measure psychological constructs of personality theories. Despite the diversity of theories, many scales overlap, particularly in measuring negative emotions and interpersonal activities.

Key Findings

  • The FFM identifies five consistent dimensions of personality that appear across various studies and cultures.
  • Each dimension encompasses a range of traits:
  • Extraversion: Includes traits like sociability, enthusiasm, and energy.
  • Agreeableness: Encompasses traits such as kindness, trust, and cooperation.
  • Conscientiousness: Involves traits like organization, diligence, and reliability.
  • Neuroticism: Includes traits related to emotional instability and negative emotions.
  • Openness to Experience: Encompasses traits such as imagination, curiosity, and creativity.
  • The model is not exhaustive but provides a necessary framework for understanding individual differences.

Implications

The FFM has several practical applications:
  • Individual Assessment: It aids in evaluating personality for educational, organizational, and clinical purposes.
  • Research Framework: Provides a structured approach for organizing research and integrating findings across different studies.
  • Interpersonal Understanding: Helps in understanding how personality traits influence relationships and social interactions.

Limitations

While the FFM is a robust model, it is not without limitations:
  • It does not encompass all aspects of personality, and there may be other dimensions not captured by the model.
  • The model provides a broad overview, which may overlook specific, nuanced traits that are important in certain contexts.
  • Some critics argue that the FFM is more descriptive than explanatory, lacking a comprehensive theory of personality.
In conclusion, the Five-Factor Model is a foundational tool in personality psychology, offering valuable insights into human behavior and traits. However, it is essential to recognize its limitations and continue exploring additional dimensions...