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The Four-Factor Imagination Scale (FFIS): a measure for assessing frequency, complexity, emotional valence, and directedness of imagination

DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01227-w
Zabelina, D. L., & Condon, D. M. (2020). The four-factor imagination scale (ffis): a measure for assessing frequency, complexity, emotional valence, and directedness of imagination. Psychological Research, 84(8), 2287–2299. doi:10.1007/s00426-019-01227-w

Abstract

Recent findings in psychological research have begun to illuminate cognitive and neural mechanisms of imagination and mental imagery, and have highlighted

Authors

  • Darya L. Zabelina1
  • David M. Condon1

Understanding the Four-Factor Imagination Scale (FFIS)

Overview/Introduction

Imagination is a fascinating aspect of human cognition that plays a vital role in various life outcomes, such as creativity, empathy, and problem-solving. Traditionally, imagination has been studied as "mental imagery," focusing on the vividness of sensory experiences in the mind. However, recent research suggests that imagination is a broader phenomenon that affects many areas of life. The Four-Factor Imagination Scale (FFIS) was developed to measure imagination in terms of four distinct features: frequency, complexity, emotional valence, and directedness.

Methodology

The development of the FFIS involved several studies:
  • Study 1: Researchers generated a pool of survey items based on literature review and feedback from a focus group of psychology professionals.
  • Study 2: A larger sample of 378 participants helped refine the survey items, identifying four distinct factors through exploratory factor analysis.
  • Study 3: Over 10,000 participants completed the survey online, confirming the structure and reliability of the FFIS. This study also assessed the scale's validity by comparing it with other personality and cognitive measures.

Key Findings

The FFIS identified four key features of imagination:
  • Frequency: How often individuals engage in imaginative thinking.
  • Complexity: The level of detail and vividness in one's imagination.
  • Emotional Valence: Whether imaginings are generally positive or negative.
  • Directedness: The extent to which imagination is goal-oriented.
The scale demonstrated strong internal consistency and validity, showing that imagination is not just about creativity but involves various dimensions that can be measured separately.

Implications

The FFIS provides a comprehensive tool for understanding imagination beyond traditional views. It can be used in various fields, including:
  • Education: To enhance learning and creativity by understanding students' imaginative processes.
  • Psychotherapy: To explore how imagination affects mental health, such as anxiety and depression, and to tailor interventions accordingly.
  • Workplace: To foster innovation by recognizing and nurturing different aspects of employees' imaginative abilities.

Limitations

While the FFIS is a robust tool, it may not capture all aspects of imagination. Future research could explore additional features and refine the scale further. Additionally, while the FFIS shows strong associations with personality traits, its relationship with cognitive abilities needs further exploration.
In conclusion, the FFIS offers a nuanced view of imagination, emphasizing its multifaceted nature and potential impact on various life domains. This scale opens new avenues for research and practical applications in understanding and leveraging the power of imagination.