What This Study Is About
This paper proposes a clear and consistent way for scientists to define aphantasia (the inability to visualize) and hyperphantasia (highly vivid mental imagery). The authors argue for using these core terms across all senses—such as sound, touch, or smell—rather than creating many different names for each specific type of missing imagery.
How They Studied It
This was a "discussion paper" rather than a new laboratory experiment. A group of leading imagery researchers reviewed existing data and debated with other scientists about the best terminology to use. They looked at previous studies involving thousands of participants to see how often people who cannot "see" in their minds also struggle to "hear" or "feel" internal sensations.
What They Found
The researchers proposed that aphantasia should be defined as the "absence or marked reduction of voluntary sensory imagery." They found that while aphantasia was originally used for vision, it often affects other senses too. For example, about 26% of people with visual aphantasia also experience "multisensory aphantasia," meaning they cannot imagine sounds, smells, or tastes either. They also clarified that aphantasia only refers to voluntary imagery; many people who cannot visualize on purpose still experience brief, spontaneous "flashes" of imagery or vivid dreams.
What This Might Mean
By using a single set of terms (like "visual aphantasia" or "auditory aphantasia"), the researchers believe it will be easier for the public and scientists to communicate. This approach suggests that while different brain areas handle different senses, there may be a common "master switch" for mental imagery that is turned off in people with aphantasia. However, the authors note that because this is a developing field, these definitions may continue to evolve as we learn more about how the brain creates internal experiences.
One Interesting Detail
The authors emphasize that having aphantasia does not mean a person lacks an imagination. They point out that there are many examples of highly creative successful individuals—including artists and scientists—who lack a mind's eye but use different mental strategies to create.