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A world without imagination? Consequences of aphantasia for an existential account of self

DOI: 10.1080/01916599.2020.1799553
Fox-Muraton, M. (2021). A world without imagination? consequences of aphantasia for an existential account of self. History of European Ideas, 47(3), 414–428. doi:10.1080/01916599.2020.1799553

Abstract

Aphantasia is a spectrum disorder, affecting the ability of otherwise healthy individuals to form voluntary or conscious mental images, and in some cases also any form of sensory representation. Although only discovered in 2010, it is now estimated that 2–3% of the population may have aphantasia – otherwise termed, the absence of a 'mind's eye,' that aspect of conscious experience which so many people take for granted as part of their general way of experiencing the world. Aphantasia, although it does not imply the absence of all forms of imagination, such as perspective taking and narrative construction, is quite literally a disorder affecting the individual's capacity to form and work with images, and thus the absence of a certain way in which consciousness engages with the image-object, distinct both from perception and thought. This paper examines how phenomenological accounts of imagination can help us to better understand aphantasia, and also the ways in which aphantasia calls into question some aspects of an existential account of self.

Authors

  • Mélissa Fox-Muraton2

Understanding Aphantasia: A World Without Mental Images

Overview/Introduction

Aphantasia is a condition that affects an individual's ability to form mental images, often referred to as the absence of a "mind's eye." Discovered in 2010, it is estimated that 2-3% of the population may experience this phenomenon. While it doesn't eliminate all forms of imagination, such as storytelling or perspective-taking, it does impact the ability to visualize images in the mind. This paper explores how aphantasia challenges traditional philosophical ideas about imagination and self-identity.

Methodology

The research combines philosophical analysis with personal testimonies from individuals with aphantasia. It draws on existential philosophy, particularly the works of Jean-Paul Sartre and Søren Kierkegaard, to explore how the absence of mental imagery affects one's sense of self and freedom. The study also considers scientific literature on mental imagery and its role in cognitive processes.

Key Findings

  • Aphantasia and Imagination: Aphantasia is not synonymous with a lack of imagination. Individuals with aphantasia can still engage in creative and conceptual thinking, even if they lack visual imagery.
  • Cognitive Compensation: People with aphantasia often develop alternative cognitive strategies to compensate for their lack of mental imagery. Their overall cognitive abilities are not impaired.
  • Philosophical Implications: The condition challenges existential theories that link imagination with selfhood and freedom. Sartre's idea that imagination is essential for freedom is questioned, as individuals with aphantasia can lead fulfilling lives without visual imagery.
  • Memory and Self-Identity: Aphantasia affects how individuals recall memories and imagine future scenarios. They often rely on verbal or factual memory rather than visual recollection.

Implications

  • Rethinking Selfhood: The existence of aphantasia suggests that traditional philosophical views on imagination and selfhood may need revision. It highlights the diversity in how people experience their inner lives.
  • Cognitive and Therapeutic Applications: Understanding aphantasia can inform cognitive therapies and educational strategies, recognizing that visualization is not essential for everyone.

Limitations

  • Limited Research: Aphantasia is a relatively new area of study, and more research is needed to fully understand its prevalence and impact.
  • Subjective Experience: Much of the current understanding relies on personal testimonies, which can vary widely among individuals.
In conclusion, aphantasia offers a unique perspective on the human mind, challenging long-held beliefs about imagination and self-identity. As research progresses, it may reshape how we understand cognitive diversity and the role of mental imagery in our lives.