Olfactory imagery: A review

Stevenson and CaseMarch 2005

Abstract
What This Study Is About
How They Studied It
What They Found
What This Might Mean
One Interesting Detail
Authors
Cite this paper

Abstract

Olfactions unique cognitive architecture, the apparently inconsistent evidence favoring imagery, and its difficulty of evocation have led some to conclude

Our summary in plain words

What This Study Is About

This research explores whether people can truly "picture" smells in their minds, a concept known as olfactory imagery. While most people are familiar with visual imagery (seeing with the "mind's eye"), the researchers investigated if we possess a "mind's nose" and why it seems so much harder for people to describe or conjure up scents compared to sights or sounds.

How They Studied It

This paper is a comprehensive review of many different studies rather than a single experiment. The researchers analyzed data from hundreds of participants across various types of research, including:

Psychophysical tests: Comparing how people rate the intensity of real smells versus imagined ones.

Brain scans: Looking at whether the same parts of the brain light up when smelling a rose and when just imagining its scent.

Clinical reports: Examining cases of "phantom smells" (hallucinations) in people with certain medical conditions.

Questionnaires: Asking people to rate the vividness of their mental images across different senses.

What They Found

The researchers discovered that olfactory imagery is real and functions very similarly to actual smelling. When people imagine a scent, their brains process information in a way that mimics physical perception—for example, imagining a strong scent can actually make it harder to detect a faint real one. However, they found that language is a major "bottleneck." Because the parts of our brain responsible for smell and the parts responsible for language are not well-connected, people often struggle to name or describe the scents they are successfully imagining.

What This Might Mean

This suggests that while many people believe they are "scent blind" in their minds (a form of aphantasia affecting smell), they might actually have the ability but lack the words to access it. It implies that olfactory imagery is a skill that can be improved with training. However, the study also notes that because we rely so heavily on verbal labels to "find" a memory, the difficulty in naming smells makes them feel much more elusive than visual memories.

One Interesting Detail

The researchers found that "sniffing" actually helps the imagination. People are significantly better at conjuring a mental scent if they physically mimic the act of sniffing while trying to imagine it, as this physical action helps trigger the brain's olfactory processing centers.

This summary was written with AI and may contain errors. Check the original paper.

Authors

Richard J. Stevenson
1 paper in the library
Trevor I. Case
1 paper in the library

Cite this paper

Stevenson, R. J., & Case, T. I. (2005). Olfactory imagery: a review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12(2), 244–264. doi:10.3758/bf03196369

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Research Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

Olfactory imagery: A review

Stevenson and CaseMarch 2005

Read the paper

Abstract
What This Study Is About
How They Studied It
What They Found
What This Might Mean
One Interesting Detail
Authors
Cite this paper

Abstract

Olfactions unique cognitive architecture, the apparently inconsistent evidence favoring imagery, and its difficulty of evocation have led some to conclude

Our summary in plain words

What This Study Is About

How They Studied It

Psychophysical tests: Comparing how people rate the intensity of real smells versus imagined ones.

Brain scans: Looking at whether the same parts of the brain light up when smelling a rose and when just imagining its scent.

Clinical reports: Examining cases of "phantom smells" (hallucinations) in people with certain medical conditions.

Questionnaires: Asking people to rate the vividness of their mental images across different senses.

What They Found

What This Might Mean

One Interesting Detail

This summary was written with AI and may contain errors. Check the original paper.

Authors

Richard J. Stevenson
1 paper in the library
Trevor I. Case
1 paper in the library

Cite this paper

Stevenson, R. J., & Case, T. I. (2005). Olfactory imagery: a review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12(2), 244–264. doi:10.3758/bf03196369

Topics

Measurement & Assessment

Most-cited researchers

Recruit participants for your study

We can help you reach people across the imagery spectrum, from aphantasia to hyperphantasia.

Partner with us

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Image-Free Insights

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